Update on keratoconus, an underdiagnosed ophthalmologic condition
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7884516Keywords:
Keratoconus, Corneal Disease, InflammationAbstract
Introduction: keratoconus is a non-inflammatory corneal ectasia that progressively affects the vision of users.
Objective: to describe the diagnostic aspects of keratoconus.
Methods: a search for information was carried out in the Pubmed, Scopus, Clinical Key and Web of Science databases, by combining terms. Eighty-six references were selected.
Development: The eye is surrounded by the sclera, which also covers a small window at the front of the eye where the cornea is located, is often referred to as the white of the eye and gives shape and rigidity to the eyeball. Genetic and environmental factors are involved in susceptibility to keratoconus; however, family history is consistently identified as an important risk factor. Its etiology is not known in detail, although it is known to have a multifactorial origin. The clinical management of keratoconus can be divided into non-surgical and surgical treatment according to the stage of development of the disease.
Conclusions: Keratoconus has traditionally been described as a non-inflammatory condition, but more recently it has been associated with ocular inflammation. It usually develops during the second and third decades of life and usually progresses into the fourth decade. The condition affects all ethnicities and both sexes.
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References
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30. Toprak I, Cavas F, Velázquez JS, Alio Del Barrio JL, Alio JL. Subclinical keratoconus detection with three-dimensional (3-D) morphogeometric and volumetric analysis. Acta Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2020[Citado 2/03/2023]; 98(8):e933–42. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aos.14433
31. Mansfield Rojas N. El queratocono en pacientes de una institución privada de la ciudad de Quito, Ecuador en el período de Enero de 2015 a octubre de 2016. Quito: Universidad de las Américas, 2017; 2017.
32. Amsler M. Classic keratocene and crude keratocene; Unitary arguments. Ophthalmologica [Internet]. 1946 [Citado 2/03/2023]; 111(2–3):96–101. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20275788/
33. Ortiz-Toquero S, Fernandez I, Martin R. Classification of keratoconus based on anterior corneal high-order aberrations: A cross-validation study: A cross-validation study. Optom Vis Sci [Internet]. 2020 [Citado 2/03/2023]; 97(3):169–77. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/2020/03000/Classification_of_Keratoconus_Based_on_Anterior.6.aspx
34. Alió JL, Shabayek MH. Corneal higher order aberrations: a method to grade keratoconus. J Refract Surg [Internet]. 2006 Citado 2/03/2023]; 22(6):539–45. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081-597X-20060601-05
35. Belin MW, Duncan JK. Keratoconus: The ABCD grading system. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd [Internet]. 2016[Citado 2/03/2023]; 233(6):701–7. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-100626
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37. Dias Rahmani M. Práctica y actitud profesional en el manejo del paciente con queratocono en Portugal. Universidad de Valladolid; 2019.
2. Mannis MJ, Holland EJ. Cornea, E-Book 5th ed. Elsevier [Internet]. 2021[Citado 2/03/2023]; Disponible en: https://books.google.at/books?id=qqcjEAAAQBAJ
3. Sánchez Villacis LS, Álvarez Mena PR, Benavides Bautista PA, Sánchez Sola HR, Zambrano Jordán DR. El queratocono, su diagnóstico y manejo. Una revisión bibliográfica. Enferm Investiga Investig Vincul Docencia Gest [Internet]. 2018 [Citado 2/03/2023]; 3(1 Sup):1–8. Disponible en: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6246985
4. Pérez Vázquez N, González Pérez NA, Castillo Bermúdez G, Lima León CE, Del Sol Fabregat LA. Pacientes con queratocono atendidos en la Consulta de Cirugía refractiva. Acta méd centro [Internet]. 2020 [Citado 2/03/2023]; 14(4):423–31. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?pid=S2709-79272020000400423&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
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8. Godefrooij DA, de Wit GA, Uiterwaal CS, Imhof SM, Wisse RPL. Age-specific incidence and prevalence of keratoconus: A nationwide registration study. Am J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2017[Citado 2/03/2023]; 175:169–72. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002939416306134
9. Al-Khalaileh W, Abu-Farha R, Wazaify M, Van Hout MC. Ophthalmic drug abuse: An observational study from community pharmacies. Res Social Adm Pharm [Internet]. 2019[Citado 2/03/2023]; 15(8):943–8. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741118300159
10. Rodríguez B, Daniel B. Uso de membrana amniótica en el tratamiento de úlcera de cornea profunda en caninos. [Internet]. 2015 [Citado 2/03/2023]; Disponible en: https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/handle/10495/3753
11. Patel S, Tutchenko L. The refractive index of the human cornea: A review. Cont Lens Anterior Eye [Internet]. 2019[Citado 2/03/2023]; 42(5):575–80. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367048418310452
12. Ovalle WK, Nahirney PC. Netter’s essential histology: With correlated histopathology. 3rd ed. Elsevier [Internet]. 2020[Citado 2/03/2023]. Disponible en: https://books.google.at/books?id=StnNDwAAQBA
13.
14. Jackson AJ, Anand V. Keratoconus: To conquer the cone. Cont Lens Anterior Eye [Internet]. 2022 [Citado 2/03/2023]; 45(3):101578. Disponible en: https://www.contactlensjournal.com/article/S1367-0484(22)00008-X/fulltext
15. Hashemi H, Heydarian S, Hooshmand E, Saatchi M, Yekta A, Aghamirsalim M, et al. The prevalence and risk factors for keratoconus: A systematic review and meta-analysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cornea [Internet]. 2020 [Citado 2/03/2023]; 39(2):263–70. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/corneajrnl/Abstract/2020/02000/The_Prevalence_and_Risk_Factors_for_
16. Bykhovskaya Y, Rabinowitz YS. Update on the genetics of keratoconus. Exp Eye Res [Internet]. 2021[Citado 2/03/2023]; 202(108398):108398. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014483520306564
17. Rabinowitz YS, Galvis V, Tello A, Rueda D, García JD. Genetics vs chronic corneal mechanical trauma in the etiology of keratoconus. Exp Eye Res [Internet]. 2021[Citado 2/03/2023]; 202(108328):108328. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014483520305868
18. Valgaeren H, Koppen C, Van Camp G. A new perspective on the genetics of keratoconus: why have we not been more successful? Ophthalmic Genet [Internet]. 2018[Citado 2/03/2023]; 39(2):158–74. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13816810.2017.1393831
19. Lapeyre G, Fournie P, Vernet R, Roseng S, Malecaze F, Bouzigon E, et al. Keratoconus prevalence in families: A French study: A french study. Cornea [Internet]. 2020 [Citado 2/03/2023]; 39(12):1473–9. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/corneajrnl/Abstract/2020/12000/Keratoconus_Prevalence_in_Families__A_French_Study.1.aspx
20. Carpio Cordero JE, Enríquez Mancheno DF. Frecuencia de queratocono en pacientes diagnosticados y tratados en la clínica oftalmológica Oftalmolaser en el periodo 2011-2017. 2019.
21. Shneor E, Frucht-Pery J, Granit E, Gordon-Shaag A. The prevalence of corneal abnormalities in first-degree relatives of patients with keratoconus: a prospective case-control study. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt [Internet]. 2020[Citado 2/03/2023]; 40(4):442–51. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/opo.12706
22. Santodomingo-Rubido J, Carracedo G, Suzaki A, Villa-Collar C, Vincent SJ, Wolffsohn JS. Keratoconus: An updated review. Cont Lens Anterior Eye [Internet]. 2022 [Citado 2/03/2023]; 45(3):101559. Disponible en: https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S1367048421002058?token=EDED22A1D7F9EA7BAD7A760231BEBE0384ED30BEF79C42CA833DD3CCB6DF7ABC2395AB558D3A1734B97C26F39883BFE9&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20230302203305
23. Chen S, Li X-Y, Jin J-J, Shen R-J, Mao J-Y, Cheng F-F, et al. Genetic screening revealed latent keratoconus in asymptomatic individuals. Front Cell Dev Biol [Internet]. 2021[Citado 2/03/2023]; 9:650344. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.650344
24. Actualización de la intervención optométrica en el queratocono - Repositorio Institucional de Documentos Universidad de Zaragoza [Internet]. 2020 [Citado 2/03/2023]; Disponible en: https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/97986?ln=es
25. Deng H, Riederer P, Deng H, Le W, Xiong W, Wilkinson AJ. Human Genetic Diseases. BioMed Research International [Internet]. 2015 May 20 [Citado 2/03/2023]; 2015:1–2. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/315216
26. de Azevedo Magalhães O, Gonçalves MC, Gatinel D. The role of environment in the pathogenesis of keratoconus. Curr Opin Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2021 [Citado 2/03/2023]; 32(4):379–84. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/co-ophthalmology/Abstract/2021/07000/The_role_of_environment_in_the_pathogenesis_of.12.aspx
27. Flockerzi E, Xanthopoulou K, Goebels SC, Zemova E, Razafimino S, Hamon L, et al. Keratoconus staging by decades: a baseline ABCD classification of 1000 patients in the Homburg Keratoconus Center. Br J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2021 [Citado 2/03/2023]; 105(8):1069–75. Disponible en: https://bjo.bmj.com/content/105/8/1069.abstract
28. Torres Netto EA, Al-Otaibi WM, Hafezi NL, Kling S, Al-Farhan HM, Randleman JB, et al. Prevalence of keratoconus in paediatric patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Br J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2018 [Citado 2/03/2023]; 102(10):1436–41. Disponible en: https://bjo.bmj.com/content/102/10/1436.abstract
29. Henriquez MA, Hadid M, Izquierdo L Jr. A systematic review of subclinical keratoconus and forme fruste keratoconus. J Refract Surg [Internet]. 2020[Citado 2/03/2023]; 36(4):270–9. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081597X-20200212-03
30. Toprak I, Cavas F, Velázquez JS, Alio Del Barrio JL, Alio JL. Subclinical keratoconus detection with three-dimensional (3-D) morphogeometric and volumetric analysis. Acta Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2020[Citado 2/03/2023]; 98(8):e933–42. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aos.14433
31. Mansfield Rojas N. El queratocono en pacientes de una institución privada de la ciudad de Quito, Ecuador en el período de Enero de 2015 a octubre de 2016. Quito: Universidad de las Américas, 2017; 2017.
32. Amsler M. Classic keratocene and crude keratocene; Unitary arguments. Ophthalmologica [Internet]. 1946 [Citado 2/03/2023]; 111(2–3):96–101. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20275788/
33. Ortiz-Toquero S, Fernandez I, Martin R. Classification of keratoconus based on anterior corneal high-order aberrations: A cross-validation study: A cross-validation study. Optom Vis Sci [Internet]. 2020 [Citado 2/03/2023]; 97(3):169–77. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/2020/03000/Classification_of_Keratoconus_Based_on_Anterior.6.aspx
34. Alió JL, Shabayek MH. Corneal higher order aberrations: a method to grade keratoconus. J Refract Surg [Internet]. 2006 Citado 2/03/2023]; 22(6):539–45. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081-597X-20060601-05
35. Belin MW, Duncan JK. Keratoconus: The ABCD grading system. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd [Internet]. 2016[Citado 2/03/2023]; 233(6):701–7. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-100626
36. Rocha de Lossada C. Caracterización del queratocono infantil y juvenil en un estudio multicéntrico. UMA Editorial; 2022.
37. Dias Rahmani M. Práctica y actitud profesional en el manejo del paciente con queratocono en Portugal. Universidad de Valladolid; 2019.
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Published
2023-04-28
How to Cite
1.
Monsalve Guamán AA, Sánchez Palacios CE, Aguilar Suárez D. Update on keratoconus, an underdiagnosed ophthalmologic condition. Univ. Méd. Pinareña [Internet]. 2023 Apr. 28 [cited 2025 May 12];19:e951. Available from: https://revgaleno.sld.cu/index.php/ump/article/view/951
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