Molecular scissors, the breakthrough in gene editing
Keywords:
Bioethics, CRISPR-Associated Protein 9, Gene Editing, Ethics, Medical, Genes, Genome, Human, Genetic Engineering.Abstract
Introduction: CRISPR-Cas9 allows to modify, mutate, inhibit, promote, visualize, correct, insert and change the genome in different organisms, although there is information on the subject.
Although there is information on the subject, several health institutions and their professionals do not know how to use these technologies.
Objective: to describe the functioning and applications of CRISPR-Cas9.
Methods: a bibliographic review was carried out from May to August 2023. Twenty-seven references were selected, the search was carried out in: Elsevier, sciELO, ClinicalKey, Pubmed and Google Scholar.
Development: the CRISPR gene editing system is oriented to section chromosomal DNA at specific positions selected in advance. From this cut, it is the cell that employs DNA repair mechanisms. It has three phases: in the first, a segment of foreign nucleic acid is included in the locus; in the second, transcription of the CRISPR/Cas complex occurs; and in the third, the foreign sequences are identified and reduced. It is used to elucidate the mechanism of biological processes in human disease and its treatment; to treat or prevent diseases or disabilities; transforms the genome of cells whose modifications can be inherited; induces cellular modifications for human enhancement.
Conclusions: CRISPR/Cas9 in its operation is composed of three phases: adaptation phase, expression phase and interference phase. They allow modifying specific bases, inactivating genes, silencing or activating genetic information. These techniques affect multiple areas, such as disease therapeutics and basic biomedical studies.
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References
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24. Eş I, Gavahian M, Marti-Quijal FJ, Lorenzo JM, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Tsatsanis C, et al. The application of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing machinery in food and agricultural science: Current status, future perspectives, and associated challenges. Biotechnol Adv [Internet]. may 2019 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 37(3): 410-21. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.006
25. Cathomen T, Schüle S, Schüßler-Lenz M, Abou-El-Enein M. The Human Genome Editing Race: Loosening Regulatory Standards for Commercial Advantage? Trends Biotechnol [Internet]. feb 2019 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 37(2): 120-3. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.06.005
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27. Riveros-Maidana R, et al. "Sistema CRISPR/Cas: Edición genómica de precisión." Mem Inst. Investig Cienc. Salud [Internet]. 2020 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 18(1): 97-107. Disponible en http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1812-95282020000100097
2. Lucas Toca S. "La revolución del CRISPR." REDS[Internet]. 2019 [citado 20/07/2023]; 14(2019): 65-68. Disponible en: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7219562
3. Nieto, Carolina Rivera. "Edición genética: con grandes avances científicos vienen grandes responsabilidades." Rev Salud Bosque[Internet]. 2021 [citado 20/07/2023]; 11(1). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.18270/rsb.v11i1.3691
4. Demirci, Y., Zhang, B. y Unver, T. 2018. CRISPR/Cas9: An RNA-guided highly precise synthetic tool for plant genome editing. J Cell Physiol[Internet]. 2018 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 233(3): 1844-1859. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28430356/
5. Guzmán Zapata, D. "Avances de CRISPR en la producción vegetal." 10 FERIA DE TECNOLOGÍA[Internet]; 2023 [citado: 20/07/2023]. Disponible en: https://www.colmayor.edu.co/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/4.5.-Avances-de-CRISPR-en-la-producci%C3%B3n-vegetal.pdf
6. Herrera-Cabrera, Braulio Edgar, et al. "Edición genómica con CRISPR/Cas9: Premio Nobel de Química 2020." Rev Química[Internet]. 2021 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 35(1): 22-30. Disponible en: https://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/quimica/article/view/23324
7. Fajardo Alcalá R, Álvarez PérezRJ, Corría MilánII, Alcalá Brocard Z, Licea Rodríguez MA. ¿Cuánto se sabe sobre Edición Genética en la carrera de Medicina?. Revdosdic [Internet]. 2023 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 6(2): [aprox. 7 p.]. Disponible en: https://revdosdic.sld.cu/index.php/revdosdic/article/view/444
8. Sánchez Puerto D. SISTEMA CRISPR/CAS9 Y SU APLICACIÓN A LA EDICIÓN DIRIGIDA DE GENOMAS. [Internet]. [JAÉN]: Jaén: Universidad de Jaén; 2020 [citado 31/08/2023]. Disponible en: http://crea.ujaen.es/jspui/handle/10953.1/12308
9. Marfany G. Interrogantes y retos actuales de la edición genética. Rev Bioética y Derecho [Internet]. 2019 [citado 31/08/2023]; (47): 17-31. Disponible en: https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1886-58872019000300003
10. Pallarès Masmitjà M, Knödlseder N, Güell M. CRISPR-gRNA Design[Internet]; 2019 [citado: 20/07/2023]. p. 3-11. Disponible en: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4939-9170-9_1
11. Fu BXH, Smith JD, Fuchs RT, Mabuchi M, Curcuru J, Robb GB, et al. Target-dependent nickase activities of the CRISPR-Cas nucleases Cpf1 and Cas9. Nat Microbiol [Internet]. 2019 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 4(5): 888-97. Disponible en: http://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0382-0
12. Chow RD, Wang G, Ye L, Codina A, Kim HR, Shen L, et al. In vivo profiling of metastatic double knockouts through CRISPR-Cpf1 screens. Nat Methods [Internet]. may 2019 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 16(5): 405-8. Disponible en: http://www.nature.com/articles/s41592-019-0371-5
13. Adli M. The CRISPR tool kit for genome editing and beyond. Nat Commun[Internet]. 2018 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 9(1): 1911. Disponible en https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29765029/
14. Luther DC, Lee YW, Nagaraj H, Scaletti F, Rotello VM. Delivery approaches for CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutics in vivo: advances and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv [Internet]. 2018 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 15(9): 905-13. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30169977/
15. Conboy I, Murthy N, Etienne J, Robinson Z. Making gene editing a therapeutic reality. F1000Research [Internet]. dic 2018 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 7: 1970. Disponible en: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1970
16. Furtado, Rafael Nogueira. "Edición génica: riesgos y beneficios de la modificación del ADN humano." Rev Bioét[Internet]. 2019 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 27 (2): 223-233. Disponible en https://www.scielo.br/j/bioet/a/jFptVvKR7RJHWXwmsKpZFrh/?lang=es
17. Santillán-Doherty, Patricio, et al. "Reflexiones sobre la ingeniería genética: a propósito del nacimiento de gemelas sometidas a edición génica." Gaceta méd Méx[Internet]. 2020 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 156(1): 53-59. Disponible en https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0016-38132020000100053
18. Pineda M, Lear A, Collins JP, Kiani S. Safe CRISPR: Challenges and Possible Solutions. Trends Biotechnol [Internet]. abril 2019 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 37(4): 389-401. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.09.010
19. Bartkowski B, Theesfeld I, Pirscher F, Timaeus J. Snipping around for food: economic, ethical and policy implications of CRISPR/Cas genome editing. Geoforum [Internet]. nov 2018 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 96: 172-80. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.07.017
20. Dayan F. CRISPR Cas-9 genome editing and Islam: a religious perspective. Bangladesh J Med Sci [Internet]. dic 2018 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 18(1): 7-13. Disponible en: https://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v18i1.39540
21. Brokowski C. Do CRISPR Germline Ethics Statements Cut It? Cris J [Internet]. 2018 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 1(2): 115-25. Disponible en: http://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2017.0024
22. Shew AM, Nalley LL, Snell HA, Nayga RM, Dixon BL. CRISPR versus GMOs: Public acceptance and valuation. Glob Food Sec [Internet]. dic 2018 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 19: 71-80. Disponible en: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211912418300877
23. Isa NM, Zulkifli NA, Man S. Islamic Perspectives on CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Human Germline Gene Editing: A Preliminary Discussion. Sci Eng Ethics [Internet]. 2019 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 26: 309-323. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-019-00098-z
24. Eş I, Gavahian M, Marti-Quijal FJ, Lorenzo JM, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Tsatsanis C, et al. The application of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing machinery in food and agricultural science: Current status, future perspectives, and associated challenges. Biotechnol Adv [Internet]. may 2019 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 37(3): 410-21. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.006
25. Cathomen T, Schüle S, Schüßler-Lenz M, Abou-El-Enein M. The Human Genome Editing Race: Loosening Regulatory Standards for Commercial Advantage? Trends Biotechnol [Internet]. feb 2019 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 37(2): 120-3. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.06.005
26. Eriksson D, Kershen D, Nepomuceno A, Pogson BJ, Prieto H, Purnhagen K, et al. A comparison of the EU regulatory approach to directed mutagenesis with that of other jurisdictions, consequences for international trade and potential steps forward. New Phytol [Internet]. 2019 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 222(4): 1673-84. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15627
27. Riveros-Maidana R, et al. "Sistema CRISPR/Cas: Edición genómica de precisión." Mem Inst. Investig Cienc. Salud [Internet]. 2020 [citado: 20/07/2023]; 18(1): 97-107. Disponible en http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1812-95282020000100097
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Published
2024-09-03
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1.
Álvarez-Pérez RJ, Fajardo Alcalá R, Corría-Milán II. Molecular scissors, the breakthrough in gene editing. Univ. Méd. Pinareña [Internet]. 2024 Sep. 3 [cited 2025 Apr. 19];20:e1022. Available from: https://revgaleno.sld.cu/index.php/ump/article/view/1022
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